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BACKGROUND
Normally urine consists of water and some impurities like urea, uric acid, ions and creatinine. However, some substances are there which are not present in easily noticeable amounts in urine of healthy individuals but are found in the urine of individuals suffering from certain disease. These are pathological or abnormal constituents of urine.1
So, the aim of this experiment is to analyze the pathological or abnormal constituents of urine.
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REQUIREMENTS
Reagents: Urine sample
Benedict’s reagent
Sulphosalicyclic acid
Nitric acid
Ammonium sulphate
Sodium nitroprusside
Ammonium hydroxide
Apparatus: Test tubes
Beakers
Droppers
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PROCEDURE
Glucose (Benedict’s test)
Take 5 ml of Benedict‘s reagent and to it add urine 0.5 ml and then boil it. Then based on following observation you can know about the presence of glucose.
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Blue colour is formed-No glucose
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A precipitate that is light green-0.1%-0.5% of glucose present.
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A precipitate that is green in colour is formed-0.5-1% sugar present.
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A precipitate that is yellow in colour-1-2% of glucose is present.
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Brick red precipitate-2% glucose present.
Albumin
Sulphosalicyclic acid test
Take about 2 ml of urine sample and to it add one or two drops of sulphosalicyclic acid. If turbidity is formed then it indicates the presence of albumin.
Heat coagulation test
Take a test tube and add urine sample to it so that test tube is filled up to 3/4th part of the test tube. To the upper part of the test tube which is filled with 1/3th part of urine sample, show it in flame or heat it. If turbidity appears in the place of heat then it is albumin positive.
Heller’s nitric acid test
Take a test tube and to it add 3 ml of nitric acid. Then add 3 ml of urine sample in such a way that they will not mix. If a ring is formed in the junction area or the place where two liquids meet, then it is albumin positive.
Ketone bodies
Rothera’s test
Take 5 ml of urine sample and saturate it by mixing with ammonium sulphate and shaking it vigorously. Then take 2 drops of 5% solution of sodium nitroprusside and ammonium hydroxide 1 ml. Leave it in rack for few minutes. If a permanganate colour is formed just in the upper part of unmixed ammonium crystals, then it proves the presence of ketone bodies.
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CONCLUSION
This variable test will confirm the presence or absence of abnormal constituents of urine.
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REFERENCES
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Quantitative and qualitative analysis of MDMA, MDEA, MA and amphetamine in urine by head-space/solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) and GC/MS F.Centini, A.Mastil.Barni Comparini, Department of Legal Medicine, University of Siena, Via Delle Scotte, 53100, Siena, Italy Received 3 June 1996, Revised 6 August 1996, Accepted 27 August 1996, Available online 5 December 1997.
