[ps2id id=’background’ target=”/]
BACKGROUND
Urine is the waste product formed by the kidney that is excreted by body and helps in maintaining the electrolyte and pH level of the body.1 Urine is composed of various organic and inorganic constituents. So the basic objective of this experiment is to study about various organic and inorganic constituents of urine through various tests.
[ps2id id=’requirements’ target=”/]
REQUIREMENTS
Sample: Human urine sample
Chemicals:
Benedict’s reagent: Add 17.3 gm of copper sulphate with 100 gm of sodium carbonate and 173 gm of sodium citrate. Then add distilled water to make the total volume 1000 ml.
Sodium hypobromite
Picric acid solution
Sodium hydroxide solution
Nitric acid solution – 2N
Silver nitrate solution – 2N
Apparatus: Test strips
Beaker
[ps2id id=’procedure’ target=”/]
PROCEDURE
Organic constituents
Uric acid
Take urine sample 2 ml and to it add 1 ml of Benedict’s reagent and then for about three minutes heat it in hot boiling water bath.2 If a white precipitate is formed it indicates the presence of uric acid.
Urea
Sodium hypobromite test
Take a test tube and in it add 2 ml of urine sample and one to two drops of sodium hypobromite solution. A brisk effervesces confirms the presence of urea.
Creatinine
Take about 5 ml of urine sample and add 1 or 2 drops of saturated picric acid solution. Then add sodium hydroxide solution. When the solution becomes alkaline it changes to red colour or orange colour because of formation of creatinine picrate.
Test for inorganic constituents of urine
Chloride
To about 5 ml of urine sample add 5 drops of 2N nitric acid and 2N silver nitrate solution. Formation of white precipitate indicates presence of chloride. This white precipitate is silver chloride.
Phosphate
To about 5 ml of urine sample add nitric acid 5 ml and sodium molybdate 4 ml and heat it for about 5 minutes. Appearance of yellow crystalline precipitate because of ammonium phosphor-molybdate indicates the presence of phosphate n urine.
Bicarbonate
Take 5 ml of urine sample and to it add 4 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Presence of bicarbonate is indicated by slight effervences due to evolution of carbon dioxide.
Sulphate
At first take 10ml of urine and to it add 1ml dil. Hcl and then add 4 drops of 5% barium chloride solution. A white colour precipitate is formed because of barium sulfate which indicates presence of sulphate.
Ammonia
Take 5 ml of urine and to it add 10% NaOH solution of volume 1ml.Now indicate the presence of evoluted ammonia by the help of red litmus paper.
[ps2id id=’conclusion’ target=”/]
CONCLUSION
A perfect chemical analysis of urine helps in detecting several problems in the body that usually appears in the urine.
[ps2id id=’references’ target=”/][ps2id id=’1′ target=”/]
REFERENCES
-
Separation and determination of nanogram amounts of inorganic tin and methyltin compounds in the environment Robert S. Braman, and Tompkins Anal. Chem., 1979, 51 (1), pp 12–19 DOI: 10.1021/ac50037a011 1Publication Date: January 1979.
-
Quantitative analysis for organic acids in biological samples: batch isolation followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis.G Hoffmann, S Aramaki, E Blum-Hoffmann, W L Nyhan, L Sweetman Published April 1989.
