BACKGROUND
A fluid flowing through a pipe gets resisted by the viscosity of the fluid and inner surface of the tube. A considerable amount of fluid energy is lost in the order of overcoming these resistances. Boundary roughness plays a significant role in the flow turbulence. It is the main source of tangential or shear stresses in turbulent flow along with the transverse moment exchange of fluid particles.1
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The amount of lost energy is proportional to the frictional factor, which is known as a function of Reynold’s number and surface roughness of the tube. This factor in mathematical terms can be represented as:
f = [{(p1 – p2)/ L}/ {(1/2 ρ U2)/ d}]
where,
U = Average fluid Speed
d = diameter of pipe
p = momentum of flow through pipe at different points.
The experimental set up consists of several GI pipes of different diameters which are connected to a pipe circuit. Along with these GI pipes, one pipe of brass of 2 mm diameter is provided, and all of them are tapped with two pressure tappings at the certain distance.2 This apparatus also has U-tube differential manometer to find the pressure difference between two tappings.
The primary purpose of this experiment is to study the flow through pipes and determine the losses.
REQUIREMENTS
Materials:
A flow circuit of G.I. pipes of different diameter
U-tube differential manometer
Collecting tank
PROCEDURE
First of all, enlist the dimensions such as diameter and length of the pipe between pressure tappings, and area of collecting tank. Ensure that the pressure tappings of an only single pipe are open, while it is closed for others. Now, adjust the flow rate to a maximum point by maintaining proper steady flow in the pipeline.
After this, the circuit discharge is recorded along with the water level in the left and right limbs of the manometer tube. Now, reduce the flow rate in stages with the help of the flow control valve. Also, note down the discharge and manometer readings. Alas, repeat this procedure by closing the pressure toping of the first and performing similar steps on the next pipe.
CONCLUSION
The detailed study on flow through pipes has been done, and various losses due to friction have been studied. During the flow of a fluid, some of its potential energy is lost during the process of overcoming the hydraulic resistance.
REFERENCES
- R. R. W. E. G. Vogt, “Friction in the Flow of Suspensions. Granular Solids in Gases through Pipe,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, vol. 40, no. 9, p. 1731–1738, 1948.
- D. S. Prof. A. H. Gibson, “On the flow of water through pipes and passages having converging or diverging boundaries,” Proceedings of the royal society, vol. 83, no. 563, 1910.
Also read:
- Determination of Performance of Kaplan Turbine
- Determination of CV and CD of Orifices
- Determination of Metacentric Height and Application to Stability of Floating Bodies
- Experiments on Performance of Francis Turbine
- Experiments on Impact of Jets
- Experiments on Performance of Centrifugal Pump
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