BACKGROUND
The number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the fatty acids resulting from the complete hydrolysis of 1g of fat is called as saponification value.1 This value is used for comparison of the fatty acid chain length in oils.
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Saponification is the process in which fatty acid esters are hydrolyzed to glycerol and potassium salts of fatty acids on refluxing with alkali.
REQUIREMENTS
| Beaker |
| Weighing balance |
| Fat solvent (equal volumes of 95% ethanol and ether) |
| Alcoholic KOH |
| 0.5N HCl |
| Reflux condenser |
| Phenolphthalein |
| Coconut oil |
PROCEDURE
Alcoholic KOH
Dissolve 40 g KOH in 1.0 L alcohol maintaining the temperature at or below 15° C, mix well to dissolve.
Take a suitable glass container and put it over a weighing balance tared to zero. Weight 1.0 g of fat (butter or coconut oil) and put it in the beaker with 3 ml of fat solvent, mix well. Add the above mixture with 25 ml of alcoholic KOH and mix well, arrange this mixture with a reflux condenser.
Repeat the above process & reflux condenser arrangement excluding fat.
Keep both the arrangements in a boiling water bath for about 30 minutes. Wait to cool. Add phenolphthalein indicator to both the flasks and titrate with 0.5N HCl. The endpoint of test and blank (excluding fat) is to be recorded, the difference of which tells the volume of KOH consumed by 1 g of fat.
CONCLUSION
The saponification value of various fats like ghee, olive oil, sesame oil, butter etc can be determined with above process and formula.
REFERENCES
- http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=63&sim=688&cnt=2. Accessed on 25 August 2017.
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